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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fixiermittel</span></h1>
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<p>Ein <b>Fixiermittel</b> ist in der <a href="Analogfotografie" title="Analogfotografie">Analogfotografie</a> eine Chemikalie, welche das belichtete Filmmaterial lichtunempfindlich macht, also <i>fixiert</i>.
</p><p>Durch ein Bad in dieser Chemikalie wird die chemische Struktur des Filmes so verändert, dass die lichtempfindlichen Substanzen des Filmmaterials in lichtunempfindliche Substanzen umgesetzt werden. Dies ermöglicht dann die weitere Verarbeitung und spätere Lagerung der aus dem Filmmaterial entstandenen <a href="Negativfilm" title="Negativfilm">Negative</a>.
</p><p>Das moderne Fixiermittel für einen analogen Film ist eine <a href="Thiosulfate" title="Thiosulfate">Thiosulfat</a>-Lösung. Hierbei wird ausgenutzt, dass das Thiosulfation (S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>) mit den Silberhalogeniden einen stabileren Komplex bildet. Während des Fixierens wird das als <a href="Feststoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Feststoff">Feststoff</a> vorliegende Silberbromid über mehrere Zwischenschritte in wasserlösliche Verbindungen überführt:
</p><p>(1) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\,AgBr_{\left(s\right)}\,+\,Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3\left(aq.\right)}} \,\rightleftharpoons \,\mathrm {Ag_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\downarrow \,+\,2\ NaBr_{\left(aq\right)}} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\,AgBr_{\left(s\right)}\,+\,Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3\left(aq.\right)}} \,\rightleftharpoons \,\mathrm {Ag_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\downarrow \,+\,2\ NaBr_{\left(aq\right)}} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89cae5af87863c31fe549800cabe1652ae181283.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:54.405ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {2\,AgBr_{\left(s\right)}\,+\,Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3\left(aq.\right)}} \,\rightleftharpoons \,\mathrm {Ag_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\downarrow \,+\,2\ NaBr_{\left(aq\right)}} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>(2) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ag_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\,+\,Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\,} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {\,2\,NaAgS_{2}O_{3}\downarrow } }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ag_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\,+\,Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\,} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {\,2\,NaAgS_{2}O_{3}\downarrow } }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd8e4fe1e5a31527bfea1afac83553d563c26422.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:40.718ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ag_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\,+\,Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}\,} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {\,2\,NaAgS_{2}O_{3}\downarrow } }" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>(3) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NaAgS_{2}O_{3}+Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {Na_{3}\left[Ag\left(S_{2}O_{3}\right)_{2}\right]} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {NaAgS_{2}O_{3}+Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {Na_{3}\left[Ag\left(S_{2}O_{3}\right)_{2}\right]} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c3563b913f9eca82ea6ea0275443de9f8323e4c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.262ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {NaAgS_{2}O_{3}+Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {Na_{3}\left[Ag\left(S_{2}O_{3}\right)_{2}\right]} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>(4) <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Na_{3}\left[Ag\left(S_{2}O_{3}\right)_{2}\right]\,+\,Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {Na_{5}\left[Ag\left(S_{2}O_{3}\right)_{3}\right]} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Na_{3}\left[Ag\left(S_{2}O_{3}\right)_{2}\right]\,+\,Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {Na_{5}\left[Ag\left(S_{2}O_{3}\right)_{3}\right]} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1a40dbb289b4c5ccc29caec688922be821e1c2c2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:49.635ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Na_{3}\left[Ag\left(S_{2}O_{3}\right)_{2}\right]\,+\,Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm {Na_{5}\left[Ag\left(S_{2}O_{3}\right)_{3}\right]} }" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Der sich nun in der Lösung befindliche Dithiosulfatoargentat(I)-Komplex wird einfach herausgewaschen und der Film damit fixiert, da bei Lichteinfall nun keine Silberhalogenide mehr zu Silber umgewandelt werden können, da keine Silberhalogenide mehr vorhanden sind.
</p><p>Früher wurde als Fixiermittel <a href="Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">Ammoniak</a> (NH<sub>3</sub>) eingesetzt, dessen Wirkung bereits 1775 von <a href="Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> entdeckt worden war.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ammoniak bildet einen ähnlich stabilen Komplex: [Ag(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]X – das Diamminsilber(I)-halogenid. Das X steht hierbei für die Halogenidanionen (Cl<sup>−</sup>, Br<sup>−</sup>, I<sup>−</sup>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Negativ-Verfahren" title="Negativ-Verfahren">Negativ-Verfahren</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Ullmann%E2%80%99s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></cite>. 1. Auflage. Wiley, 2000, ISBN 978-3-527-30385-4, 4.3.3.2. Fixation, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a20_001">10.1002/14356007.a20_001</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Fixiermittel&rft.atitle=4.3.3.2.+Fixation&rft.btitle=Ullmann%E2%80%99s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.date=2000&rft.doi=10.1002%2F14356007.a20_001&rft.edition=1&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9783527303854&rft.pub=Wiley" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Enfield Roscoe: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ausführliches Lehrbuch der Chemie: Die Metalle und Spectralanalyse</cite>. Vieweg, 1889 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.de/books/edition/Ausf%C3%BChrliches_Lehrbuch_der_Chemie/xLom5D6ehxkC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=scheele%20silberchlorid%20ammoniak&pg=PA312&printsec=frontcover">google.de</a> [abgerufen am 13. November 2024]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Fixiermittel&rft.au=Henry+Enfield+Roscoe&rft.btitle=Ausf%C3%BChrliches+Lehrbuch+der+Chemie%3A+Die+Metalle+und+Spectralanalyse&rft.date=1889&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Vieweg" style="display:none"> </span></span>
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